PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF POST-PARTUM HAEMORRHAGE AND MATERNAL MORTALITY
Keywords:
Psychosocial Implications, Post-Partum Haemorrhage, MaternalAbstract
                       Post-partum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. In developing countries, it accounts for the deaths of about 125 000 women (WHO, 2007). More than half of all maternal deaths occur within 24 hours of delivery, mostly from excessive bleeding. It is usually an emergency situation that requires urgent intervention (ICM and IFGO, 2006). These deaths are preventable if necessary care was received promptly but expert care is not easily accessible to Child bearing women in developing countries. Death of a woman has a lot of psychosocial implications which has long term effect on the family especially the new born. As the foundations of the child’s psychosocial development is affect from birth. Implementation of efficient preventive obstetric care can significantly reduce adverse physical and psychological outcomes of birth trauma (Kahsay, Numbers, Martindale and Dalzell, 2010). Thus the need to prevent it cannot be overemphasized as many interventions to treat it result in other unpleasant outcomes. Increased awareness and community education on the need to seek skilled care early in pregnancy and delivery is very important. Health care facilities should be well equipped to manage PPH because it an emergency situation in order to prevent maternal mortality. Psychosocial support should be provided for the woman and her family in order to prevent long lasting negative psychosocial outcomes after complicated childbirth. ÂReferences
AbouZahr C. (1998) Maternal mortality overview. In: Murray CJL, Lopez, AD, eds. Health Dimensions of Sex and Reproduction. Geneva: WHO, 111-164.
Ayede A. I (2012) Persistent Mission Home Delivery In Ibadan: Attractive Role Of Traditional Birth Attendants Annals of Ibadan Post Graduate Medical Journal 10(2) 22-27
Bernstein S, Hansen CJ. (2006) Public choices, private decisions: Sexual and reproductive health and the millennium development goals. UN Millennium Project.
Berman, A, Snyder, S.J., Kozier, B. and Glenora Erb G. (2008), Kozier and Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing. 8th Edition. Pearson Educational International Publishing Company.
Cambray, S. (2008) Birth Healing Maternity Services Review. http://birthhealing.forummotion.com/maternity-services. Accessed 5th July, 2011
Carroli G, Rooney C, Villar J. 2001 How effective is antenatal care in preventing maternal mortality and serious morbidity? An overview of the evidence. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 15(1):1-42.
Cecatti, J. G., Souza, J. P., Parpinelli, M. A., Haddad, S. M., Rodrigo, S Camargo R S., Pacagnella, R. C., Silveira, C., Zanardi, D. T., Costa, M. L., Pinto e Silva, J. L., Passini Jr, R., Surita, F. G., Sousa, M. H., Calderon, I. M. P., Say, L., and Pattinson R A. (2009) Brazilian network for the surveillance of maternal potentially life threatening morbidity and maternal near-miss and a multidimensional evaluation of their long term consequences Reproductive Health 2009, 6:15. http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com
Choji-Tafida R. (2010) Nigeria: Maternal and Child Mortality - Any Hope in Sight? Leadership. All Africa Global Media (allAfrica.com)
Corwin E. J, Murray-Kolb L, Beard J.L. (2003) Low hemoglobin level is a risk factor for postpartum depression. Journal of Nutrition. 133: 4139-4142.
Drazancic A (2001) Antenatal care in developing countries. What should be done? Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 29(3): 188–98
Enakpene, C. A., Morhason-Bello, I. O., Enakpene, E. O., Arowojolu, A. O. and Omigbodun, A. O (2007) Oral misoprostol for the prevention of primary post-partum hemorrhage during third stage of labor Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 33(6): 810–817
Ghebrehiwet M. (2005) Maternal health services in Eritrea: availability, utilization and quality. Sabur Printing Press: Asmara, Eritrea.
Glangeaud-Freudenthal N. M., and Boyce P (2003) Postpartum depression: risk-factors and treatments - introduction. Arch Womens Mental Health: 6(S2):S31-32.
Kahsay, G. H., Numbers, L., Martindale L., and Dalzell, J (2010) Acute and post-traumatic stress disorders in an African maternity unit. Part 2: effects on clinicians and lessons for practice. Midwives magazine: February/March
Lydon-Rochelle, M.T., Holt, V.L., Martin, D. P. (2001) Delivery method and self-reported postpartum general health status among primiparous women. Paediatric Perinatal Epidemiology, 15:232-240.
Mazumdar, M. D. (2011) Sheehan's Syndrome. Gynaeonline. http://www.gynaeonline.com/sheehans_syndrome. Accessed 5th July, 2011
Magadi M, Diamond I, Madise N (2001) Analysis of factors associated with maternal mortality in Kenyan hospitals. Journal of Biosocial Science 33(3): 375–89
Mavalankar, D. V., and Rosenfield, A. (2005) Maternal mortality in resource-poor settings: policy barriers to care. American Journal of Public Health 95(2): 200–3
Mpembeni, R. N. M, Killewo, J. Z., Leshabar, M. T. et al (2007) Use pattern of maternal health services and determinants of skilled care during delivery in southern Tanzania: Implications for achievement of MDG-5 targets. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 7:29
Murray-Kolb, L. E. and Beard, J. L. (2003) Low Haemoglobin level is a risk factor of postpartum depression. Journal of Nutrition 133:4139-42.
Mutihir, J. T. and Utoo, B. T. (2011) Postpartum maternal morbidity in Jos, North-Central Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 14 (1) 38-42. www.njcponline.com
National Population Commission and ICF Macro (2003) Nigeria 2003 Demographic Health Survey Abuja. Nigeria www.measuredhs.com/ (accessed 29 June 2010)
Ndikom, C. M. (2010) Pattern of uptake of maternal health services in a rural community in Nigeria. African Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 4 (3) 129-45
Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Aderka, I. M., Hinton, D. E. and Hofmann, S G. (2013) The impacts of parental loss and adverse parenting on mental health: Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(2) 119-127. doi: 10.1037/a0025695
Nirmala, K., Zainuddin, A. A., Ghani,N.A. Zulkifli, S., and Jamil M. A., (2009) Carbetocin versus syntometrine in prevention of post-partum hemorrhage following vaginal delivery each year. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 35(1): 48–54, 2009
Sentilhes, L, Gromez, A, Clavier, E., Resch, B., Descamps, P., Marpeau, L. (2011) Long-term psychological impact of severe postpartum hemorrhage. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 90(6) 615-620
Seng, J. S., Oakley, D. J., Sampselle, C. M., Killion, C., Graham-Bermann, S., and Liberzon, I (2001) Posttraumatic stress disorder and pregnancy complications. Obstetrics Gynecology: 97:17-22.
Stekelenburg J, Kyanamina S, Mukelabai M, Wolffers I, van Roosmalen J (2004) Waiting too long: low use of maternal health services in Kalabo, Zambia. Trop Med Int Health 9(3): 390–8
Sert M., Tetiker, T., Kirim S, Kocak, M.(2008) Clinical report on 28 patients with Sherman’s syndrome. Endocrine Journal 56: 297-301
Souza, J. P., Cecatti, J. G., Parpinelli, M. A., Serruya, S. J. and Amaral E. (2007) Appropriate criteria for identification of near-miss maternal morbidity in tertiary care facilities: a cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 7:20 http://www.biomedcentral.com
Tham, V., Christensson, K., and Ryding, E.L. (2007) Sense of coherence and symptoms of post-traumatic stress after emergency caesarean section. Acta Obstetic Gynecology Scandinavia: 86:1090-1096.
Waisccoff. P. (2006) pregnancy, postpartum haemorrhage: treatment and medication. University of South western. Medical centre.
World Health Organization (2003) Maternal mortality in 2000: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA. Geneva: World Health Organization.
WHO (2007) Maternal mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the World Bank. 7/7/2010
World Health Organization, (2004). Beyond the number. Reviewing maternal deaths and complications to make pregnancy safer. Geneva, World Health Organization
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright is owned by the journal.
