ENTREPRENEURIAL SELF-EFFICACY AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIONS AMONG GRADUATES: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF MINDFULNESS AND OPPORTUNITY IDENTIFICATION FOR FACILITATING REDUCTION IN UNEMPLOYMENT
Keywords:
Entrepreneurial self-efficacy, Mindfulness, Opportunity identification, Entrepreneurial actionsAbstract
 Reducing unemployment challenges is possible with graduates becoming entrepreneurs. However, the challenge persists as a result of difficulties in transmitting entrepreneurial efficaciousness from training programmes to successful entrepreneurial actions. A dearth of studies exists with regard to how certain key entrepreneurial skills as habit and ways of the mind as well as opportunity identification influence entrepreneurial ship. This study investigated the possible mediating role of mindfulness and opportunity identification in the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial actions among graduates. Using the ex-post facto design, four hundred (400) hundred corps graduates in the National Youth Service Corp deployed to serve in Oyo state were selected for the study. Four standardized and valid scale were used for data collection. Two research hypotheses were tested in the study Data was analyzed, using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Path analysis.. The result indicated that there were significant relationships among all four variables investigated. While mindfulness was an effective mediator in the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial action, the effect of opportunity identification was unexpectedly not significant. This study therefore suggest the inclusion and promotion of mindfulness and opportunity identification skills in entrepreneurial development programmes and course targeting graduates from tertiary institutions. ÂReferences
Adeyemo, D.A. and Agokei, R.C. (2011) Effects of Social Cognitive Training and Mindfulness Technique on Self efficacy of Pre-service Counsellors in Nigerian Universities. Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 1 (1) 91-97.
Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. (2003) A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 105-123. Retrieved September 24, 2007 from Science Direct.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45.
Baron, R. A., & Ensley, M. D. (2006). Opportunity recognition as the detection of meaningful patterns: Evidence from comparisons of novice and experienced entrepreneurs. Management Science, 52(9), 1331-1344.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Bentley, D. P. (2007). Mindfulness and Counselling Self-Efficacy:The Mediating Role of Attention and Empathy. An unpublished Doctoral theses Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Bogels, S. M., Sijbers, G. F. V. M., & Voncken, M. (2006). Mindfulness and task concentration training for social phobia: A pilot study. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 20, 33-44.
Carter, N., Reynolds, P. and Gartner, W. (2004). Perceptions of entrepreneurial climate. In Gartner, W., Shaver, K., Carter, N. and Reynolds, P. (eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurial Dynamics: The Process of Business Creation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 412-420.
Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. 1998. Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of business venturing, 13,295-316.
Davidsson, Per & Honig, Benson L. (2003) The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing 18(3), 301-331.
De Pillis, E. D., & Reardon, K. K. (2007). The influence of personality traits and persuasive messages on entrepreneurial intention A cross-cultural comparison. Career Development International, 12(4), 382-396.
Delmar, F., & Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12, 1-23.
DeNoble, A.F., Jung, D. & Ehrlich, S.B. (1999). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The development of a measure and its relations to entrepreneurial action. In D. Reynolds, et at (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, pp. 73-87. Babson College: Wellesley, MA.
Dimov, D.(2007). From opportunity insight to opportunity intention: the importance of person situation learning match. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(4), 561-583.
Gaglio, C. M. (2004). The role of mental simulations and counterfactual thinking in the opportunity identification process. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(6), 533-552.
Gaglio, C.M. & Katz, J. (2001). The psychological basis of opportunity identification: entrepreneurial alertness. Journal of Small Business Economics, 16: 95–111.
Grant, P. & Perren, L., (2002) "Small business and entrepreneurial research: Metatheories, paradigms and prejudices", International Small Business Journal, 20, 2, 185-211.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156.
Krueger, N.F. (2000). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24: 5–23.
Krueger, N.J. (1998). Encouraging the identification of environmental opportunities. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 11(2): 174-183
Lumpkin, G.T, Hills, G.E. & Shrader, R.C. (2004). Opportunity recognition (pp. 78-89), in Welsch, H. (ed.). Entrepreneurship: The road ahead. London: Routledge.
Markman, G.D. & Baron, R.A. (2003). Person-entrepreneurship fit: Why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others, Human Resource Management Review. 134: 1-21.
Mitchell, R., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P., Morse, E., Smith, E. (2002). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition: Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 93 -104.
Mitchell, R.K. Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P.P., Morse, E.A., & Smith, J.B. (2004). The Distinctive and Inclusive Domain of Entrepreneurial Cognition Research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(6): 505-518.
National Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Nigeria Unemployment Rate. Retrieved on 6/7/13 from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/unemployment-rate.
Olendzki, P. (2005). The roots of mindfulness. In C.K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 241-261). New York: Guilford Press.
Parasuraman, R. (1998). The attentive brain: Issues and prospects. In R. Parasurman (Ed.). The Attentive Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Posner, M. I. & Rothbart, M. K. (1992). Attentional mechanisms and conscious experience. In A. D. Milner & M. D. Rugg (Eds.), The neuropsychology of consciousness (pp. 91-111). Toronto: Academic Press.
Rauch, A. & M. Frese (2007), Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners' personality traits, business creation, and success, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 353-385.
Shane, S. (2000). Prior to knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science. 11, 4,448-469.
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Entrepreneurial Research, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25 (1), 217-226.
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373-386.
Shepherd, D. A., and DeTienne, D. (2005). “Prior knowledge, potential financial reward, and opportunity identification.†Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice. , 29 (1), 91-112
Tang, J. (2009) Exploring the Constitution of Entrepreneurial Alertness: The Regulatory Focus View. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship 22(3): 221.
Teasdale, J.D., Moore, R.G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S. & Segal, Z. V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 275-287.
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P. & Wright, M. (2001). The focus of entrepreneurial research: contextual and process issues. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25: 34–45.
Zhao H, Seibert SE, Hills GE. 2005. The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90 (6): 1265– 1272.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright is owned by the journal.